Chapters on the rules of evidence discuss the history and development of rules of evidence; proof by evidence and substitutes; general admissibility tests; the exclusion of evidence on constitutional grounds; and evidence obtained through testimony, documents, and real evidence. Proof by evidence and substitutes pertains to the burden of proof; proof through evidence; judicial notice; and presumptions, inferences, and stipulations. General admissibility tests concern relevance and materiality and the competency of evidence and witnesses. The examination of witnesses, privileged communications, expert testimony, and the hearsay rule and exceptions are discussed in chapters on evidence through testimony. The chapter on the exclusion of evidence on constitutional grounds discusses the development of the exclusionary rules, search and seizure exclusions, exclusion of confessions, self-incrimination, and due process exclusions. The court cases discussed in Part II relate to issues discussed in the previous chapters. A table of cases, appended Federal Rules of Evidence for U.S. courts and magistrates, and subject index.