Among the cultural and social influences that impact the aforementioned groups are discrimination in the dominant culture which fosters low self-esteem, stress, poverty, and maladaptive behaviors; patriarchal cultural values that teach male dominance and female submissiveness; and religious values that give divine sanction to male dominance and female obedience to the male. Although discrimination and cultural values are strong determinants of behavior and resistant to change, the papers advocate change in the views of women and male-female interactions through public awareness campaigns, the promotion of cultural values that enhance the self-esteem of both males and females, and resistance to the internalization of stereotypes imposed by the dominant white culture. Accompanying footnotes and references.