The nature of childhood and expectations regarding behavior and appropriate family life have changed considerably over the centuries. Major theories relating to delinquency began with Freudian theory and continued with the sociological theories of cultural deviance, differential association, youth subculture, opportunity, and social control. In the 1970's, the role of the family was reemphasized, with examination of issues such as broken homes, official versus self-reported delinquency, the measurement of family problems, and the quality of the parent-child relationship. Research has also indicated the importance of other variables such as the youth's attachment to the family and school, commitment to the norms of childhood, commitment to long-term goals, and identification with delinquent peers. The findings imply the need for prevention efforts to increase the involvement of the family, the school, and other crucial institutions in establishing children's bonds to conventional society. 137 references.