However, the findings relative to this asertion are neither uniform nor unvarying. That is, experiencing child abuse may increase the odds of subsequent antisocial behavior but it does not predetermine criminality. This paper examines the caregiving environments of 106 abused males, only some of whom engaged in violent crime, in order to identify factors which may be important for reinforcing or counterbalancing the effects of an abusive childhood. The results indicate that the presence or absence of emotional neglect, family criminality, and a support system within and outside of the home, as well as the sex of the abusing parent and how parents resolve conflicts are all important for understanding the relationship between child abuse and subsequent violent criminal behavior. (Publisher abstract)