An effective discretionary shooting training program should contain nine basic elements. Officers must be trained to be alert, recognize threat, and respond accordingly. They must be trained to scan situations, evaluate them, and respond with a clear state of mind. Students must learn to use clear, concise verbal commands. Tactical engagement exercises provide information and practice in engaging hostile or multiple subjects and entering hostile environments and how to identify and use effective forms of concealment and cover. Training also should cover mental conditioning, shooting accuracy, and weapon status (how many rounds fired). Finally, legal aspects of the use of deadly force should be covered, including issues related to the subject's ability and opportunity to cause or place others in jeopardy of great bodily harm or imminent death. Firearms training containing these elements can use role plays, slide or movie presentations, friend-or-foe target shooting on the range, simulated exercises with laser-fitted guns and vests, and interactive video programs. Such training can enhance officer safety and reduce agency liability as well. Photograph.