These systems include the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABAergic), the noradrenergic, and the serotonergic systems and a neurophysiological system concerned with electrical patterns in the brain, particularly those associated with electrical kindling and epilepsy. Case reports illustrate how this experimental literature has been applied in the development or rational pharmacotherapy for violent patients. Four basic principles of clinical applications that can enhance trials of pharmacologic treatments are identified. These include treating the primary illness, using the most benign interventions when beginning empirical treatment, having quantifiable means of assessing efficacy, and instituting drug trials systematically. Systematic application of research data in accordance with principles of good clinical care will improve the quality of life and increase the freedom of the violent patient. Once the patient has been stabilized through pharmacological interventions, behavioral and social learning approaches to the treatment of violence are likely to be more effective. 100 references. (Author abstract modified)