The focus is further limited to include only those conflicts with a clearly antiwar component, e.g., the New York City Draft riots of 1863, while excluding the racial violence of World Wars I and II and the ghetto rebellions. Violence initiated by war opponents or by those who support it -- whether civilians, police, or military -- is examined. Technically nonviolent events such as the legal repression of draft resisters or the relocation of Japanese-Americans in 1942 are not considered. A distinction is made between violence that in effect represents support for the other side in internecine conflicts like the Civil War or the American Revolution and violence arising from opposition to war beyond America's borders or to the means by which it is conducted. The study examines why there have been so few antiwar riots in the American past, despite much opposition to American wars. It draws some conclusions about similarities and differences between antiwar violence during the Vietnam conflict and that associated with earlier wars. 73 notes.