In the development of Chinese crime groups, the values and norms of the Triad subculture have been paramount. Triad (a triangle of heaven, earth, and man) societies were established by ousted Chinese officials and the alienated poor during the late 17th century to overthrow the Qing government. Triad societies begun in or transplanted to Hong Kong prior to World War II were joined by peddlers and workers from both the private and public sectors to protect their interests. During World War II, the occupying Japanese army mobilized Triad groups to become informers and enforcers. For their cooperation, the Japanese rewarded the societies by destroying all criminal records and allowing them to operate gambling and opium houses. They also ran prostitution rings for the Japanese soldiers. After the war, Triad societies continued their expansion. The emergence of the 14 K, the Ching societies, and the Tai Hwin (Big Circle) dramatically changed the nature of Triad societies. Street violence escalated, and Triad activities shifted from victimless crimes to predatory crimes such as extortion, robbery, and drug trafficking. Due to political influences and the power struggles among the Triad groups in Hong Kong, many have moved portions of their operations to other countries including the United States. 3 figures.