Specific subject areas include restrictive sanctions; economic sanctions; and testing, treatment, and education of drug offenders. Topics covered in the section devoted to restrictive sanctions include shock incarceration, boot camp, home confinement and electronic monitoring, and community service. The literature focusing on economic sanctions deals with fines and fine enforcement and restitution to crime victims. The section pertaining to testing, treatment, and education of drug offenders identifies literature on outpatient and inpatient treatment for substance-abusing offenders, legal issues in drug testing, and treatment alternatives to street crime. The final section of the bibliography summarizes research projects which utilize intermediate punishments.