Males account for most crimes in Sweden, especially violent crimes. Criminologists variously attribute the differences to biological factors, psychological factors and the external social structure. Modern criminologists focus on such factors as friendship patterns and activities, different ways of acting out feelings, feelings of shame and guilt, the greater alcohol consumption of males, tendencies toward risk taking, different levels of parental control of youthful males and females, and differences in socialization regarding sex roles. In addition, both male and female crime rates are higher in cities than in less-populated areas. The victimization of females is also an issue, particularly with respect to sexual assaults and domestic violence. Further research will focus on the effects of the patriarchal macrosystem at the individual and group levels. Figure and 146 references