Two themes that run through the various reports reviewed above are violence and overcrowding. Again and again, reference is made to these two factors, which are themselves interrelated, as obstacles to the improvement of conditions in, and of the efficacy of, the institutions. The organization and management of the Correctional Service is rapidly being decentralized, after ten years of fairly rigid, national central control. The Service is confronted with relatively static funding. Overcrowding remains a problem and will gradually increase in the foreseeable future. Within this context, the issues which merit more study include the effects of decentralization, alternatives to incarceration, jurisdiction, privatization, correctional "philosophy," programs, penitentiary accommodation, institutional and correctional staff issues, and special groups.