The beginning step in obtaining a new or better job involves a resume. The written resume should summarize skills, abilities, education, training, and job objectives. Law enforcement experience included in the resume should indicate assignments and the number of years or time spent in each. Professional certificates or recognition, personal information, and references should also be incorporated in the resume. A different resume format should be used when applying for each position or promotion. An oral resume may be required in certain situations, for example, assessment centers and review boards. Most career advancement ladders include exams, and copies of past exams should be obtained and studied. Candidates should study with specific questions in mind; their own skills should be assessed to determine where the most study is needed. Detailed procedures are given to help law enforcement personnel prepare and take exams. The importance of a positive attitude and commitment to one's goals is stressed.