A review of the literature indicates that, while the maintenance of family relationships during imprisonment is beneficial, it is also difficult. Empirical findings suggest that strong family ties can result in several benefits including decreased recidivism rates, improved mental health of inmates and other family members, and an increased probability of family reunification following release. An agenda of future research should begin with an analysis of the nature, structure, and functions of prisoners' family ties and social networks outside the prison. Investigations should focus on the perceived and actual positive and negative effects on the inmate and family members of family contact during and after imprisonment. There should be studies examining polices and programs aimed at strengthening inmates' family ties. Finally, research which compares communication patterns during imprisonment with recidivism rates should be carried out in several settings, taking into consideration race, age group, institutional security levels, crime, and length of sentence. 48 references (Author abstract modified)