Focus is on the denial-numbing phase of the post-trauma response in terms of memory loss and on the repetitive phase in terms of memory retrieval as these phases are evident whether the trauma response is acute and short-term or long-term or delayed. During the denial-numbing phase of treatment, both the therapist and client can deliberately and selectively introduce triggers which include but are not limited to such associational cues as writing an autobiography, making a family genogram, constructing a lifeline, and using assessment tools such as the Dissociative Experience Scale. Cognitive-behavioral and stress/coping techniques are most effectively used during the intrusive-repetitive phase to assist the survivor in self-soothing strategies and to provide structure and perspective. Group therapy can prove beneficial if it provides the survivor with safety, support, and understanding. 1 note and 41 references