The Ninth Circuit is the nation's largest in both areas and population, extending from Alaska and Hawaii to the Missouri River. Since 1981 it has also had more cases and more judges than any other. James Browning, who served as chief judge of the circuit from 1976 to 1988, had a major role in the court reforms. These reforms were prompted largely by major increases in caseloads. Individual papers detail the innovations, efforts to ensure coherence and consistency in adjudication by using standards of review, the role of screening, court management, and implications for other circuits. Figures, tables, footnotes, author biographies, and index