The conflicts rest on the two ostensibly competing goals of helping offenders restructure their lives (treatment) and exercising social control over criminal activity for the safety of the community (surveillance). These goals appear to be incompatible logically, morally, and practically. Nevertheless, the New Jersey experience demonstrates that practitioners can avoid role conflict and achieve both goals effectively. This experience also shows the deficiencies of current theory; words like treatment and surveillance are inadequate for describing the complexity of actual practice. These deficiencies suggest that the most reliable form of practitioner training currently consists of internships under master practitioners. In addition, the advantages of having one person perform the functions of both surveillance and treatment should be recognized. Furthermore, improved coordination of the approaches of judges and practitioners, research on the impacts of family and friends of offenders, and massive peer and supervisor support of correctional practitioners are all needed. 10 references