Historically, the social sciences have demonstrated little concern with the effects of religious differences in the public sphere. Only a few studies have considered the relationship between religion and public views of punishment. No studies have distinguished between Protestant fundamentalists and other Protestants; instead, they compare Protestants as a group with Catholics and Jews. Evidence is accumulating in the social sciences that religious beliefs play a crucial role in policy matters. Given the emphasis on retribution in Judeo-Christian teachings and the emphasis on biblical literalness among fundamentalists, the authors propose that the retributive doctrine is one of the issues to which Protestant fundamentalists are attracted. This contention was tested in a 1990 survey of 330 adults in a southwestern city with a population of approximately 350,000. Support for retribution as a punishment philosophy was measured by a series of Likert items. Mean scores for the retributiveness scale were highest for Protestant fundamentalists, followed by Catholics, liberal/moderate Protestants, and those claiming no religious affiliation. Denominational affiliation was strongly related to biblical literalness, with fundamentalists scoring highest on the literalness scale. It is concluded that the potential impact of religious groups on public policy issues cannot be overlooked. 79 references, 6 footnotes, and 2 tables