Issues to be dealt with in any theory of excuses concern conditions that excuse illegal behavior and features that excusing conditions have in common. A character theory of excuses does not have to be a utilitarian theory, while a retributive theory may assert that desert is the only appropriate basis for punishment. Some theories conflict with others, for example, the "inability to do otherwise" criterion competes with the "causal" theory. A theory of excuses that has a character account of the relation between rationale and criterion is based on the proposition that someone who has broken the law should be punished only if the circumstances permit an inference from the action to a defect in the person's character. Although there is general agreement that justifications and excuses are different, there is a great deal of disagreement about what are and what ought to be characteristic features distinguishing justifications from excuses. There is substantial support for the claim that a justified action needs only a morally permissible or morally acceptable action and for the claim that the actor's perception of permissibility or acceptability is important. All excuses are based to one degree or another on the limitation of an individual's choice. The two general categories of excuses are deliberative exculpation and nondeliberative exculpation. 53 footnotes