To illustrate the problems of validity and reliability inherent in comparative studies, this research discusses language and cultural differences and how these factors can lead to sampling and observational problems. Language barriers can further complicate concerns which are central to any study: theory development, the development of proper research techniques, the assessment of ethical costs and benefits, data collection and construction of analysis methods, and resolution of post-research issues. Cultural differences can be more problematic and require understanding the values of the subject countries and incorporating that understanding into the collection, treatment, and interpretation of data. The problems inherent in cross-national research relate also to the interpretation of findings, a validity issue. Prior research into the cultural context within which the studied activity is occurring is therefore imperative. Sampling concerns, which can be exacerbated by the difficulties of cross-national research, including sample size, sample selection, and the use of primary, rather than secondary, data. Observational plans which employ interviews and self- report questionnaires must also consider these types of language and cultural issues. 26 references