The section on routine patrol and encounters with private persons covers general patrol procedures, consensual contact, dog sniffs, investigative detention, protective frisk, and stop of vehicles. The chapter on arrest discusses authority to arrest, warrants, arrest in a public place and in private premises, use of force, and search incident to arrest. The third section, on search and seizure, outlines rules of law regarding probable cause, property subject to seizure, search of premises, search warrants, search with consent, plain view, emergency, search of persons, search of vehicles and containers, search of trash, and electronic surveillance. Under the topic of identification, the handbook covers use of force, on-scene identification, pre-arrest identification, lineup, and photo spreads. Issues related to interrogation include voluntariness, custodial interrogation, traffic stop, and right to counsel. The final section discusses various aspects of undercover investigations including informants, concealing police identity, right to counsel, and entrapment.