In Japan, education and rehabilitative activities are carried out in the Federal prisons including intake orientation, academic education, lifestyle guidance, and pre- release guidance. Regular labor activities, prison work, and prison industry keep inmates in good physical and mental condition. There are approximately 20 categories of prison production; on an average workday, 1,000 inmates are trained in 46 vocational subjects, while another 7,600 inmates are employed in various maintenance works. In China, education, training, and labor in prison are seen to be the main means of reforming inmates. Prisoner education combines technical training with behavioral correction. While labor is compulsory but not punitive, inmates who make positive efforts to reform or who have inventions in production can have their sentences commuted or be released on parole. In Papua New Guinea, the 1,400 prison officials who oversee 3,500 prisoners in 21 jails receive extensive training both at intake and at regular intervals throughout their service. Psychological tests and selection interviews are used to recruit high-caliber professionals to the prison service. During their initial training period, officers study martial arts, security procedures, psychology and prison sociology, counseling, and report writing. The Hong Kong prison service tries to provide inmates with the opportunity to prepare for normal life outside correctional institutions through offering educational courses, vocational training, and industrial work.