The listed publications cover both scientific and descriptive literature; international legal instruments, intergovernmental resolutions, national law and legislation, and jurisprudence are not included, nor are statistics and institutional yearbooks. The initial nucleus of the bibliography was based on the collection of the UNICRI documentation center, on the data of major international abstracts journals, and on the acquisition lists of the Max Planck Institute and of the University of Tubingen. To produce a more comprehensive bibliography, UNICRI contacted national documentation centers, research institutes, and experts around the world, resulting in 3,599 entries. The bibliography is introduced with a review of the literature on alternatives to imprisonment for 1980¦89. Alternative sanctions addressed in the review are probation; community service; fines; home confinement and electronic monitoring; and restitution, reparation, and compensation. Each listing includes two country references. The first refers to the country with which the entry deals, and the second is the country in which the entry was published. The entries are presented alphabetically by author. A subject index categorizes each entry by subject.