The participants reported on various forms of aggression and violence between their parents. Results revealed that about 75 percent of the participants reported verbal or symbolic aggression between the parents, while 14 percent reported the use of physical violence. In general, fathers engaged in more verbal aggression against their spouses than did mothers. However, mothers were as likely as fathers to use physical force toward their spouses. Parental involvement in family conflicts did not vary with the child's gender, except that the female participants observed that their fathers reasoned less but engaged in more insulting, throwing, smashing, hitting, or kicking things than did their mothers. 26 references (Author abstract modified)