The seminar had three primary objectives: to gather information on how untried persons are treated in different countries; to consider how the empirical differences that emerged could be explained; and to delineate the legal, administrative, and organizational arrangements that would best fulfill international human rights standards. The 11 broad topic areas addressed by these papers include police powers to detain suspects prior to their being charged or brought before a court; rights and discretionary powers of suspects placed in this type of police custody; exceptional police powers to detain allegedly dangerous categories of suspects; accountability mechanisms; the decisionmaking apparatus; trends in the use of custody and bail; the legal, administrative, and organizational arrangements and responsibilities for pretrial and presentence custody; the rights of pretrial and presentence prisoners compared to sentenced inmates; conditions in custody; special provisions for minority categories of pretrial and presentence prisoners; and initiatives to increase the use of bail and reduce the use of pretrial and presentence custody. The countries covered in these two volumes include Belgium, Denmark, Germany, England and Wales, France, Greece, Hong Kong, India, Central and South America, Columbia/ Peru/Bolivia (with special reference to drug and terrorist legislation), Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Russia, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, South Africa, Czech Republic, Turkey, Hungary, the U.S., and the People's Republic of China. Two additional chapters cover the perspectives on these issues of the United Nations and the Quaker Council of European Affairs. Chapter references