The first chapter reviews the historical development of police agencies in America, beginning with English and colonial officers of the law, and moving through various periods of reform and change, to the modern era. The roles and functions of Federal, State, and local agencies are discussed. Three chapters examine the police subculture, organization and administration issues related to law enforcement, and patrol methods and operations. The textbook covers criminal investigation, extraordinary problems and methods, the relationship between police and the courts, and accountability issues. Other topics explored here include civil liability, the occupational stress experienced by police officers, comparative perspectives of police in other countries, and future challenges for law enforcement. 2 appendixes