Generally, a forensic scientist who is called upon by the prosecution or the defense to present evidence in court has to establish his or her qualifications. Problems associated with presenting scientific evidence in courts are compounded by the inability of many members of the legal profession to adequately understand scientific practice and findings. Defense lawyers often have particular problems in handling cases that rely on scientific evidence, and juries may also find it difficult to understand scientific evidence. Technological developments in forensic science, including DNA profiling, are discussed. Legal challenges to forensic evidence are examined, and the future of forensic science in Australia and New Zealand is explored. Detailed examples are given to illustrate successes and failures of forensic science and continuing improvements in the theory and practice of forensic science. Photographs