In order to understand and effectively treat adolescent substance abuse, drug counselors must understand the basic elements of the developmental process that substance abuse interrupts. Central to this process is the realization that adolescents must accomplish identifiable, developmentally specific tasks. Paramount among these tasks is the formation of a unique and independent identity. Included in the process of identity formation is the assumption by the adolescent of a defined sexual role and early choices about the place the youth will eventually occupy in the adult world with respect to work and lifestyle. Adolescents can achieve these tasks only when they are able to build on the competencies and sense of self-worth they developed earlier during childhood. Only with these underpinnings can adolescents master the requisite education, vocational, and social skills. Thus, effective treatment of adolescents must include assistance in completing the tasks of childhood so as to face those of adolescence successfully. One of the core aspects of this treatment process is the development of a relationship between the youth and a concerned adult who demonstrates ongoing commitment and caring. Because adolescents have not yet developed secure identities and mature behaviors or acquired stable families or jobs, they have no pre-established norms to guide them once they stop using drugs. Treatment for this population must, therefore, be "habilitative" as opposed to "rehabilitative." It must not only provide adolescents with access to recovery from drug dependence but must also target the development of daily living skills and provide practical tools for survival and employment.