Until the mid-19th Century, the study of female criminality was virtually nonexistent. Theoretical research on criminality among women began with the development of sociology as a science and social reform movements. The beginning of empirical research on female criminality can probably be credited to Lombroso's work on female offenders. More contemporary research focuses on masculinity, opportunity, economic marginalization, and chivalry theses. Research on personal and demographic characteristics of female inmates is reviewed, and the basis for correctional treatment programs is discussed. The author notes that research on the treatment of female inmates shares many of the same inadequacies as research on the treatment of male inmates and recommends further basic research on the problem of female criminality. 67 references