The text is intended to combine the benefits of each of five perspectives: (1) the anthropological-historical approach, (2) the institutional-structural approach, (3) the political-legal approach, (4) the social-philosophical approach, and (5) the analytical-problems approach. It uses macro-comparison to consider entire criminal justice systems. Each country was selected to exemplify a legal system based on a particular foundation: common law in England and Wales, Roman law in France, Romano-Germanic law in Sweden, a mixture of legal systems, and the Russian Federation's effort to blend aspects of the previous socialist legal system with those of the Romano-Germanic and common law approaches. The discussion of each country's criminal justice begins with a summary of the country's geography, history, and current characteristics and continues with descriptions and analyses of the government, the police, the judicial and court systems, the law, the corrections system and sentencing policies, and the juvenile justice system. Figures, maps, index of terms, index of names, and bibliography that includes both a general reference lists and reference lists for each country