Papers included in the volume consider important ingredients in the effective delivery of IOT, the importance of reducing early treatment dropouts, and the structure and functioning of IOT programs for cocaine-dependent clients. Papers also compare IOT with more standard individual counseling and intake characteristics, treatment services, and patient outcomes in IOT programs with patients in traditional outpatient programs. Characteristics and outcomes of treatment dropouts are discussed, and a residential IOT program based on the Addiction Severity Index and stages of change is evaluated. Factors contributing to the success of IOT programs are identified, including appropriate patient treatment, flexibility in service delivery, supervised urine testing, frequent treatment sessions, psychoeducation, motivation, patient involvement, continuity of care, and clinical staff selection. References, tables, and figures