An introduction notes that the meeting was named Beyond the Therapeutic Alliance due to the belief of the cochairs that far more was needed than a strong therapeutic alliance to engage and retain drug-addicted individuals in treatment. Individual papers focused on practical strategies for enhancing retention in clinical trials of psychosocial treatments, effective strategies for retaining cocaine abusers in treatment, and the role of harm reduction and behavioral-economic approaches to facilitate treatment entry and retention. Additional papers focused on the effects of tailoring interventions to clients on engagement and retention, the factors associated with treatment continuation and their implications for the treatment of drug dependence, and the stages of change and their interactions with treatment compliance and involvement. Further papers focus on the role of family and significant others on the engagement and retention of drug-dependent individuals, the use of a cognitive therapy approach to establish and maintain a therapeutic alliance with drug abusers, basic cognitive therapy skills for keeping drug-dependent individuals in treatment, and methods of establishing a therapeutic alliance. Tables, figures, chapter reference lists, and list of other NIDA monographs