The literature review revealed that maternal drug use has been associated with fetal growth and development, congenital problems, neurobehavioral problems in the first few months of life, and later developmental problems. The California children had all been exposed to drugs or alcohol for at least several months in utero; the majority were exposed throughout the pregnancy. Consistent with earlier studies, the California infants varied in their birth outcomes; the majority had no significant problems. Nevertheless, some infants experienced initial respiratory, behavioral, cardiologic, and gastrointestinal difficulties. The overall motor and mental development was in the average range, but approximately 32 percent scored one or more standard deviations below the average in one or both developmental areas. Findings were limited by the inability of the structured motor and cognitive assessments to measure problems related to social behavior. Nevertheless, findings support the importance of early intervention with women who have drug abuse problems and the need for further longitudinal research on their children. Tables and 43 references