The few research studies on the patterns and prevalence of drug use in Ireland have identified three main illicit drug-using groups: those who use opiates (often mixed with benzodiazepines), Ecstasy, or cannabis. The opiate users and the opiate drug culture pose the most serious problem for policy makers and local communities. The problem is concentrated in Dublin's inner city and outer estates where poverty, multi-generational unemployment, high population density (particularly of young adults), and poor facilities are the norm. Policy responses, although acknowledging the environmental context of the drug problem, have tended to focus on the medical treatment of the individual, rather than tackling the wider social and economic issues. However, recent policy recommendations have taken a more holistic approach to solving the problem and there is room for optimism regarding the coordination of relevant policies and services. Tables, figures, notes, references