The literature on the nature of neglect is reviewed. Difficulties associated with decision-making are then examined within a framework that addresses the social, political, and organizational context of child-protection practice. The analysis highlights the inadequacies of a system designed primarily to protect children from acute risk. By examining the social, political, and organizational context of child protection practice, the paper shows the need for change at various levels. Universal services that can improve the social conditions of millions of families in Britain who are living in poverty are required, as are increased family support services. Researchers, policy-makers, and practitioners must also address ways in which the child protection system can facilitate the development of practice that supports and empowers vulnerable parents while still ensuring the child's welfare. When working with neglect, a holistic assessment of the context of a child's life must be undertaken over a period of time. Supportive intervention that is purposeful and regularly reviewed within a multidisciplinary framework is required to evaluate the factors that contribute to the neglect, particularly the impact of material poverty. 43 references