The first chapter explains the conceptual and empirical foundations of contingency management approaches that are illustrated in the next 12 chapters of the book. These chapters focus on the diversity of settings, drug problems, and people whose lives have been positively affected by the use of contingency management procedures. This information provides guidance to practitioners interested in the application of specific contingency management interventions. The chapters can also be valuable as a teaching tool for profiling rigorous clinical research. Two chapters address the treatment methods for cocaine abusers, followed by three chapters on the treatment of special populations: homeless abusers, patients with cocaine dependence and schizophrenia, and pregnant women and tuberculosis-exposed drug abusers. Seven chapters discuss issues in the treatment of opioid abusers, and the final four chapters discuss topics related to research development and dissemination. Chapter references and author and subject indexes