The Preamble expresses the States Parties' concern about the rapid development of the smuggling of migrants and recognizes that transnational criminal organizations also use the smuggling of migrants to further numerous other criminal activities, thus bringing great harm to the states concerned. Two options are presented for Article 1 under general provisions relating to the smuggling of migrants by land, air, and sea. This is followed by an article on definitions and one on purposes. The Protocol's purposes are to establish the smuggling of migrants as a criminal offense under the respective national laws of States Parties when it involves an organized criminal group, as well as to promote and facilitate cooperation among States Parties to prevent, investigate, and prosecute the crime of smuggling migrants. Two options are presented for Article 4, which addresses "criminalization" of various behaviors related to the smuggling of migrants. Articles relevant to the smuggling of migrants by sea pertain to cooperation and mutual assistance, countermeasures, and safeguard clauses. Other articles focus on cooperation and prevention, as well as the implementation of the Protocol. 90 footnotes