The study assessed 293 parolees. Results of the study indicated that psychological functioning and completing an aftercare treatment program were predictive of post-treatment outcomes. Specifically, presence of depression symptoms, which were assessed approximately 2 months prior to the offenders leaving primary treatment, and not completing a transitional aftercare program predicted higher post-treatment arrest rates within the first 6 months after leaving the Therapeutic Community. Lower self-esteem, higher levels of pre-incarceration cocaine use, and not completing the aftercare program were predictive of relapse to cocaine and opioid use during the 6 months following the Therapeutic Community treatment. The implications of these findings and suggestions for future studies are discussed.