Completed questionnaires were submitted by correctional agencies in the 50 States and the District of Columbia, the Federal Bureau of Prisons, and the Correctional Service of Canada. Probation and parole system questionnaires were submitted by 19 probation agencies, 18 parole agencies, and 27 probation and parole agencies. The data indicate 1,199,016 inmates were confined in U.S. prisons as of January 1, 1999, an increase of 5.2 percent over the preceding year. State and District of Columbia inmates accounted for 90 percent of the total, while the Federal Bureau of Prisons held 9 percent. Of the 1,199,016 inmates, 97.7 percent were sentenced, 1 percent were detainees, and 1.3 percent were not sentenced. Approximately 26,000 inmates were confined in hospitals, community-based programs and for other reasons. About 41,000 inmates were held in local jails primarily due to crowding, and 51,285 inmates were held in contracted facilities. Detailed data are tabulated on correctional populations, facilities, budgets, programs, and staff in the United States and on the Canadian correctional system, as well as on probation and parole populations, budgets, programs, and staff. Tables and figures