The discussion notes that the structural roots of corruption relate to monopolistic or oligopolistic situations; wide discretionary powers for individuals or organizations; lack of transparency; and discrepancies or disjunctions at the legal, administrative, cultural, economic, or political level. Corruption may occur within a country or be transnational. Corrupt practices against which countries have taken action include bribery, fraud, other illicit payments, the buying and delivering of votes, illicit political contributions, abuse of power and breach of trust, misappropriation of public funds, and conflict of interest. The United Nations has held meetings and developed reports and resolutions on corruption and bribery. Further efforts should focus on advancing international agreements and cooperation arrangements, while devoting the necessary energy and resources to creating an environment in which corrupt practices would no longer be tolerated. Attached international code of conduct for public officials, and report of the 1997 expert group meeting on corruption.