The Federal grant system for first responders is fragmented, which impedes coordination and the integration of services and planning at State and local levels. Given scarce Federal resources, appropriate accountability and targeting provisions must be incorporated into grants to ensure that the funds have the best chance of improving security preparedness. Although this testimony does not offer recommendations, it describes options Congress might consider. Grant programs might be consolidated by using a block grant approach, in which State and local officials bear the primary responsibility for monitoring and overseeing the planning, management, and implementation of activities financed with Federal grant funds. Congress might also consider a more hybrid approach that would consolidate a number of narrowly targeted categorical programs, while retaining standards and accountability for discrete Federal performance goals. Another option would be to simplify and streamline planning and administrative requirements for the grant programs. Regardless of the approach used, it is important that grants be designed to target funds for States and localities with the greatest need, while discouraging the replacement of State and local funds with Federal funds. There should also be an appropriate balance between accountability and flexibility in setting grant parameters.