The article advises that the future of homeland security will depend on preparedness initiatives at the local level. Mitigation involves threat analysis and assessment, improving public safety through building design and physical protection, updating municipal and county building codes, using nonstructural measures to improve building safety, and preparing pedestrian and vehicular evacuation routes. Preparedness consists of the assignment of emergency management responsibilities for all departments and agencies, the development of emergency plans and identification of possible hazards, the development of mutual aid agreements, simulated disaster exercises, training for local government employees, and use of the incident command system. An effective response in case of a disaster encompasses the management of contributions and donations, damage assessment, early-warning public notification systems, emergency shelters and assistance, evacuation procedures and practices, the use of geographic information systems, medical services and equipment, off-site command and control, and the management of public information and the news media. Recovery planning and procedures address crime scene security, crisis counseling, disaster assistance to property owners and citizens, the management of fatalities, the rebuilding of private structures and spaces, and the restoration of public infrastructure and open spaces.