Developed by ECPAT International in response to requests for guidance, the manual begins by defining sexual exploitation and sexual violence as umbrella terms that encompass a “variety of harmful and sexually abusive behaviors,” including all forms of sexual abuse, sexual assault, pornography, prostitution, trafficking for sexual purposes, sex tourism, early and forced marriage, and enslavement. Following a description of disasters and emergencies, the factors and contexts influencing a child’s risk of experiencing sexual violence and sexual exploitation during an emergency are identified. A human rights based programming approach to safeguarding the rights of children is suggested, which imposes on States and other entities the responsibility for protecting and respecting the rights of children. The legal and policy framework protecting the rights of children on an international level are discussed and a six-factor framework is identified for understanding sexual violence against children in emergencies. The framework provides an understanding of the experiences of children during emergencies and the connections between the various factors related to sexual violence and emergencies. The essential position of local organizations in protecting children during emergency and disaster situations is underscored and strategies are offered for minimizing children’s risks of sexual violence and exploitation during emergencies. Strategies include creating Child Safe Organizations, preparing for disaster and emergency management, and establishing protection committees. The unique issues impacting separated and unaccompanied children during disasters are outlined and suggestions are offered for how to respond to these children in ways that promote their well-being and reduce their risks. In the event a child does suffer sexual victimization during an emergency, a set of appropriate responses is outlined that includes securing a safe location and seeking medical attention if necessary. The final section contains checklists for key actions to promote the safety of children during emergencies. Footnotes, selected bibliography, references, appendixes