Findings suggest the ideal assessment instrument should be a standardized tool that can provide data useful for research on post-release behaviors and service delivery for released inmates and policy efforts to improve the reentry process for reentering inmates. Evidence on inmate and offender treatment suggests that reduction in post-release relapse and recidivism are contingent on engaging offenders in continuing care following release. Substance-abuse related problems are a complicating factor in successful reentry and reintegration. Current assessment tools commonly used in correctional settings have limitations for identifying multiple clinical, supervision, and social service needs for this population. The organizational complexity of reentry increases the urgency to develop tools to accurately identify ex-offender/parolee service needs. These assessment tools will increase knowledge about factors determining or mediating post-release outcomes. However, there are several key challenges for improving assessment and service linkages for reentering inmates and maximizing successful reentry for substance-involved inmates. First, there is a need to improve transitional planning to identify effective services, to facilitate linkages to services and to better manage risk in the community. Second, parole officers faced with heavy caseloads and limited training in health and social services are ill equipped to provide appropriate referrals to such services, as well as monitor progress and compliance. Thirdly, existing assessment tools have not been widely adopted, with the majority of correctional clinicians ignoring risk assessment tools to assess and treat inmates. Lastly, the unique profiles and serious needs of female inmates have not been addressed in previous research or reentry program development. References