The study found that in every region much violence against children remains legal, state-authorized, and socially approved. In recent decades, some extreme forms of violence against children, including sexual exploitation and trafficking, female genital mutilation, the worst forms of child labor, and the impact of armed conflict have provoked an international outcry, but no rapid remedy. In addition to these extreme forms of violence, many children are routinely exposed to physical, sexual, and psychological violence in their homes and schools, in care and justice systems, in places of work, and in their communities. Such physical violence and psychological abuse have devastating consequences for children's health and well-being, both short term and long term. The study has also confirmed the existence of the knowledge and capacity to prevent violence against children and reduce its consequences. The science base for developing effective violence prevention strategies and therapeutic interventions is expanding. The study affirms that no violence against children is justified, and all violence against children is preventable. Countries must act now to fulfill their human rights obligations and other commitments, so as to ensure protection for children from all forms of violence. Upon the recommendation of the United Nations (U.N.) Committee on the Rights of the Child, the U.N. General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to conduct an in-depth study on violence against children and present recommendations for consideration by member states for appropriate action. The study benefited from collaboration among U.N. Agencies that address human rights, child protection, and public health, as well as from input from a broad range of sectors. Tables, figures, and 277 references