While GHB is an endogenous substance in normal physiology and has potential for therapeutic use, its continued abuse and misuse in our society requires that forensic scientists act as the primary source of information regarding death, sexual assault, and other negative events associated with this compound. The report begins with a history of the use of GHB, which originated about 40 years ago and was reported to be an endogenous compound in the mammalian brain. It has been employed for many therapeutic purposes, most notably for insomnia. During the 1980s, however, GHB was marketed in health food stores and training gyms for its alleged anabolic benefits, making it an attractive substance for body builders. In 1990, the Food and Drug Administration declared GHB an illegal and dangerous substance, curtailing sales following overdose or adverse reactions in nine States. This ban on GHB pushed the market underground, so to speak, and individuals began manufacturing the drug themselves using kits containing precursor chemicals. The molecular formula and absorption of GHB is reviewed, followed by treatment protocols, which have been difficult to pinpoint due to the rapid absorption of GHB. The range of toxicity of GHB is considered followed by its clinical effects, which can include depressant effects on the central nervous system. Laboratory analysis, therapeutic administration, and acute overdose are considered followed by a consideration of the measurement of postmortem GHB concentrations. Future research should clearly differentiate the toxicity and dose-response profiles of GHB and like compounds. References