The procedural justice perspective argues that the fairness with which individuals are treated in an encounter with authority figures, such as the police, influences whether they cooperate or resist authority. A key component in this perception of fairness is a sense of participation in the outcome of the encounter. This requires having an opportunity to present one's own view of the circumstances that led to the encounter with police and how the conflict should be resolved by the decisionmaker. A second component of the perception of fairness in police encounters involves being treated with respect and politeness in the context of respect for one's legal rights. A third aspect of the perception of fairness is the belief that the police are generally concerned for one's welfare. It is important that these features of procedural justice are experienced early in the encounter with police. Individuals with mental illness may be particularly sensitive to how police initially exercise their authority in dealing with problem behaviors. It is important, however, that the components of procedural justice be consistent through all phases of the police handling of mentally ill individuals. Police training in the respectful, caring, and enlightened management of mentally ill individuals must focus on every phase of case processing. Inconsistency in the proper management of mentally ill individuals is likely to stimulate their confusion, frustration, anger, and resistance. The authors of this article are currently conducting qualitative work that is examining the role of procedural justice elements in the accounts of police encounters as told by persons with mental illness who are currently in outpatient treatment. 45 references