A "zero tolerance" policy assigns explicit, predetermined punishments to specific violations of school rules, regardless of the situation or context of the behavior. In many cases, punishment for a violation under the policy is severe, such as suspension or expulsion from school. In theory, zero tolerance deters students from violent or illegal behavior because the punishment for such a violation is harsh and certain. On the other hand, some schools have adopted nonpunitive approaches for dealing with problems. These programs emphasize social, behavioral, and cognitive skill-building; character education; or targeted behavioral supports for students who are at risk for violent or illegal behavior. In contrast to the lack of rigorous research about the effectiveness of zero tolerance policies, several experimental or quasi-experimental program evaluations have found that nonpunitive interventions for dealing with school problems had positive impacts on student behavior and academic achievement. This paper provides detailed information on targeted behavioral supports for at-risk students, character education and social-emotional learning programs, and school-wide positive behavioral interventions and support. 61 references