IN THIS VOLUME THE AUTHOR EXAMINES THE RULES BY WHICH THE CRIMINAL TRIAL IS CONDUCTED. THE STANDARDS FOR EVIDENCE ARE INSPECTED FOR THEIR PURPOSES AND MEANINGS AND THEIR EXCEPTIONS ARE CAREFULLY NOTED. THE REASON FOR A RULE'S EXISTENCE ARE SURVEYED AND ITS PRACTICAL EFFECTS CAREFULLY CONSIDERED. AMONG THE TOPICS DISCUSSED ARE ADMISSIBLE EVIDENCE, RELIABILITY AND AUTHENTICITY, JUDICIAL ADMISSIONS AND NOTICE, AND PRESUMPTIONS. PRIVILEGE, HEARSAY EVIDENCE, REFRESHING A MEMORY, IMPEACHMENT, AND COMMON EVIDENTIARY PROBLEMS ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. FOR VOLUMES 1 AND 3 OF THIS SET, DEALING WITH PROCEDURE AND DIRECT AND CROSS EXAMINATION, SEE NCJ-35159 AND NCJ-35161. (AUTHOR ABSTRACT MODIFIED)