'ZERO-BASED SECURITY' IS A PROCESS REQUIRING THE JUSTIFICATION OF EACH OF THE ORGANIZATION'S PROGRAMS AS WELL AS THEIR PROJECTED ACTIVITIES FOR FUTURE OPERATING PERIODS (USUALLY A FISCAL YEAR). IT IS IN CONTRAST THE MORE COMMON SECURITY APPROACH WHEREIN SECURITY PROGRAMS APPROVED IN A PRECEDING YEAR ARE OFTEN AUTOMATICALLY CARRIED OVER WITH ONLY MAJOR CHANGES BEING ANALYZED AND SUBJECT TO DEBATE. 'SECURITY BY OBJECTIVES (AND RESULTS)' IS A PROFESSIONAL APPROACH TO SECURITY MANAGEMENT THAT DETERMINES WHAT MUST BE DONE, HOW IT MUST BE DONE, WHEN IT MUST BE DONE, HOW MUCH IT WILL COST, WHAT CONSTITUTES SATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE, HOW MUCH PROGRESS IS BEING ACHIEVED, AND WHEN AND HOW TO TAKE CORRECTIVE ACTION...ELW