SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PRESSURES WHICH LED TO WAVES OF POLICE REFORM IN 1890 TO 1930 AND AGAIN ABOUT 1940 TO 1970 NOT ONLY CHANGED THE AVERAGE CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT INTO A CENTRALIZED, TRAINED GROUP OF PROFESSIONALS, BUT ALSO CHANGED THE CHARACTER OF THE AMERICAN CITY. BEFORE 1890, THE POLICE DEPARTMENT WAS AN ADJUNCT OF THE POLITICAL MACHINE. WARD BOSSES HIRED AND FIRED; THEREFORE, POLICE LOYALTY WAS TO THE NEIGHBORHOOD. MOST PATROL JOBS WERE POLITICAL REWARDS AND WENT TO IMMIGRANTS OR SONS OF IMMIGRANTS FROM THE IMMEDIATE AREA. LAWS WERE ENFORCED ON AN ETHNIC BASIS. THE COST OF THIS COMMUNITY CONTROL WAS WIDESPREAD CORRUPTION AND ABUSE. THE FIRST WAVE OF REFORM BEGAN ABOUT 1890 WHEN MIDDLE-CLASS CLERGYMEN, BUSINESS LEADERS, AND SOCIAL REFORMERS BEGAN A MOVE TO CENTRALIZE THE POLICE AND REMOVE POLITICAL APPOINTMENTS. A MILITARY MODEL WAS ADOPTED AND THE PHRASE 'WAR ON CRIME' COINED. BY 1930 MOST MAJOR POLICE DEPARTMENTS HAD ADOPTED THE CENTRALIZED BEAT APPROACH AND A CIVIL SERVICE SYSTEM WAS BEGINNING. A SECOND WAVE OF REFORM CAME FROM WITHIN POLICE DEPARTMENTS THEMSELVES. GREATER TRAINING, GREATER PROFESSIONALISM, AND GREATER STATUS FOR POLICE WERE THE CORNERSTONES OF THIS WAVE. THE EMERGENCE OF POLICE UNIONS, WHICH BECAME MAJOR POLITICAL POWER BLOCS, INCREASED THE FORCE OF THE MOVEMENT. A THIRD REFORM STARTED TENTATIVELY IN THE LATE 1960S. THIS MOVEMENT CALLS FOR RETURN OF POLICE ACCOUNTABILITY TO THE NEIGHBORHOODS. TO DATE, IT HAS MADE LITTLE HEADWAY BECAUSE POLICE COMMISSIONERS HAVE INCORPORATED ITS PROTESTS INTO THE EXISTING POLICE DEPARTMENT STRUCTURE THROUGH COMMUNITY RELATIONS BOARDS, COMMUNITY GRIEVANCE PROCEDURES, AND OTHER INSTITUTIONALIZED DEVICES.